{"id":678,"date":"2021-05-16T18:11:01","date_gmt":"2021-05-16T16:11:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/?p=678"},"modified":"2021-05-16T18:11:01","modified_gmt":"2021-05-16T16:11:01","slug":"une-breve-histoire-du-nepal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/une-breve-histoire-du-nepal\/","title":{"rendered":"Une br\u00e8ve histoire du N\u00e9pal"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Le N\u00e9pal est un pays dont l\u2019histoire politique et sociale est&nbsp;tr\u00e8s mouvement\u00e9e. Je vais tenter de d\u00e9crire rapidement ses \u00e9tapes \u00e0 travers les si\u00e8cles et de r\u00e9sumer en quelques lignes les recherches que j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9e \u00e0 faire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Vers 700 av. J-C: Une population mongolo\u00efde venue de l\u2019est, les Kirati, arrive au N\u00e9pal. Ils d\u00e9veloppent le <strong>bouddhisme <\/strong>dans le pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vers 300:&nbsp;Les Licchavi, arriv\u00e9s par le sud, renversent les Kirati. Le bouddhisme d\u00e9cline au profit de l\u2019<strong>hindouisme<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le N\u00e9pal est alors compos\u00e9 de royaumes, puis de cit\u00e9s-\u00e9tats entre lesquelles de nombreux conflits r\u00e8gnent. Au cours des si\u00e8cles suivants, de nombreux temples sont \u00e9rig\u00e9s dans le pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iosfhumanitaire.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/03\/1.jpg?w=415&amp;h=255\" alt=\"1.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-774\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Le temple hindouiste de Changu Narayan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>1768: La dynastie des Shah prend la ville de Katmandu. <strong>Le N\u00e9pal est unifi\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1814-1816: Guerre anglo-n\u00e9palaise, se solde par la victoire de l\u2019Angleterre et un trait\u00e9 d\u00e9finissant les fronti\u00e8res actuelles du pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1846: Les&nbsp;Rana prennent&nbsp;le pouvoir dans un coup d\u2019\u00e9tat sanglant. Les Shah sont rel\u00e9gu\u00e9s \u00e0 un r\u00f4le de repr\u00e9sentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iosfhumanitaire.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/03\/2.jpg?w=381&amp;h=230\" alt=\"2.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-768\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>La r\u00e2ni du N\u00e9pal et ses dames de compagnie (1920)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jusqu\u2019en 1950, ils instaurent un r\u00e9gime autocratique et isolationniste: petit \u00e0 petit, <strong>le pays se ferme \u00e0 tous les visiteurs<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1950: Le roi shah Tribhuvan reprend le pouvoir avec l\u2019aide de Nehru, constitue un gouvernement incluant des Rana. <strong>Le N\u00e9pal rouvre progressivement ses fronti\u00e8res<\/strong> et s\u2019engage sur la voie de la d\u00e9mocratisation. Katmandou devient alors la <strong>capitale du mouvement hippie<\/strong>, avec la marijuana en vente libre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1960: Le roi&nbsp;Mahendra suspend le parlement, la constitution et les partis politiques et met ainsi un frein aux avanc\u00e9es d\u00e9mocratiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1990: Apr\u00e8s avoir r\u00e9prim\u00e9 violemment des manifestations, le gouvernement c\u00e8de \u00e0 la pression de la rue&nbsp;: l\u2019interdit sur les partis politiques est lev\u00e9 et le roi accepte la monarchie parlementaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1991: Premi\u00e8res \u00e9lections d\u00e9mocratiques : le parti du Congr\u00e8s n\u00e9palais remporte 110 si\u00e8ges (sur les 205 du Parlement).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1995-2006: Insurrection mao\u00efste, appel\u00e9e guerre de Prachanda fera plus de&nbsp;13000 morts &nbsp;\u00e0 travers le pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iosfhumanitaire.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/03\/4.jpg?w=736\" alt=\"4.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-802\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Pushpa Kamal Dahal, chef de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e n\u00e9palaise du peuple, surnomm\u00e9 Prachanda (\u00ab&nbsp;le f\u00e9roce&nbsp;\u00bb)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2001:&nbsp;En juin: Massacre de la famille royale: le prince Dipendra assassine le roi Birendra ainsi que 8 membres de la famille royale.&nbsp;Fin juillet, un accord entre le gouvernement et la r\u00e9bellion mao\u00efste met un terme provisoire aux actions violentes au N\u00e9pal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/iosfhumanitaire.files.wordpress.com\/2017\/03\/5.jpg?w=306&amp;h=378\" alt=\"5.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-800\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>La famille royale du N\u00e9pal avant le massacre<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u2019ensuit une p\u00e9riode de tr\u00e8s grande instabilit\u00e9 politique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2008: Le N\u00e9pal devient une r\u00e9publique apr\u00e8s l\u2019abolition de la monarchie, proclam\u00e9e par une Assembl\u00e9e constituante \u00e9lue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2015: Une nouvelle constitution est adopt\u00e9e, la premi\u00e8re en Asie \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les droits des homosexuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, une s\u00e9rie de s\u00e9isme dont la magnitude atteint 7,9 ravage le pays. De nombreux \u00e9difices historiques et religieux sont d\u00e9truits, les habitations fragiles de Katmandou sont massivement d\u00e9truites. Un bilan de plus de 8000 morts est \u00e0 d\u00e9plorer, et la croissance naissante du pays est mise \u00e0 mal. Pour plus d\u2019informations sur ce s\u00e9isme qui a retard\u00e9 le d\u00e9part de l\u2019IOSF pour le N\u00e9pal, vous pouvez consulter <a href=\"https:\/\/iosfhumanitaire.wordpress.com\/foyer-et-consequences-du-seisme-du-2504\/\">l\u2019article \u00e9crit par les \u00e9l\u00e8ves<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources: (Pour obtenir des liens de documentation fiables au sujet du N\u00e9pal, sur diff\u00e9rents domaines:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/agora.qc.ca\/dossiers\/Nepal\">Encyclop\u00e9die de l\u2019Agora<\/a>&nbsp;)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lonelyplanet.fr\/destinations\/asie\/nepal\/histoire\">Guide Lonely Planet<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-south-asia-12511455\">Article du site BBC news<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Histoire_du_N%C3%A9pal\">Page Wikip\u00e9dia \u00ab&nbsp;Histoire du N\u00e9pal&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le N\u00e9pal est un pays dont l\u2019histoire politique et sociale est&nbsp;tr\u00e8s mouvement\u00e9e. Je vais tenter de d\u00e9crire rapidement ses \u00e9tapes \u00e0 travers les si\u00e8cles et de r\u00e9sumer en quelques lignes les recherches que j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 amen\u00e9e \u00e0 faire. Vers 700 av. J-C: Une population mongolo\u00efde venue de l\u2019est, les Kirati, arrive au N\u00e9pal. Ils d\u00e9veloppent [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/678"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=678"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/678\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":679,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/678\/revisions\/679"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=678"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=678"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associations.institutoptique.fr\/iosf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=678"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}